Information Sheet 1.1-1

Information Sheet 1.1-1: Counting the Syllables of common English words

What Are Syllables, and How Do You Count Them?

English pronunciation of words isn’t always intuitive. The same letter combinations in one word may make a completely different sound in another. One way to practice your pronunciation is by breaking words down into syllables. Syllables are the sonic units of a word, sometimes called the “beats” of a word.

We do this naturally when we speak. Every time you say a new syllable, your mouth has to change its shape and make a new sound. Noticing when this happens and counting syllables can help you break words down into recognizable patterns that are easier to pronounce.

What is a syllable?

A syllable is an unbroken vowel sound within a word. Notice that we say a vowel sound, not just a vowel by itself. A vowel sound contains whichever consonants (and other vowels) are attached to a vowel to make a certain, distinct sound.

For example, the word blanket has two syllables: blan + ket. The syllables are formed around the ay sound from the a and around the eh sound from the e.

However, simply counting vowels won’t always give you the number of syllables in a word. Sometimes vowels are silent, like in the word grape. Grape has two vowels but only one syllable.

Sometimes two vowels combine to make a single sound; this is called a diphthong. For example, the vowels o + u make an ow sound. The word proud has two vowels but only one syllable.

How do you count syllables?

There are different ways to figure out how many syllables a word has. Some of these techniques will come naturally to you, and others may not be as comfortable. Try out a few and see which you like best.

Chin method

Your chin is an excellent syllable counter. Place your hand underneath your chin and say a word out loud. Each time your chin pushes down into your hand, you count one syllable. You may have to exaggerate your pronunciation because some sounds don’t cause a big chin movement. The word drop will cause a big drop, but the word beat will yield a more subtle one. (Note: Both of these words are monosyllabic, or words with only one syllable. You will only feel your chin hit your hand once.)

Clap method

For the clap method, say a word out loud and clap every time you hear a vowel sound. Don’t think too hard; just clap whenever you think the sound is changing.

Listen method

Once you begin to recognize what a syllable is, you won’t need to break into applause to read a paragraph anymore. The listen method is simple: Listen for new vowel sounds. Each new vowel sound is a new syllable.

Written method

If you’re more of a visual learner, the written method might be for you. First, count all of the vowels in the word. Then:

Subtract 1 for every pair of vowels that makes a sound together (for example: oo, ie, ou, au).
Subtract 1 for every silent vowel (like an ‘e’ at the end of a word)

Example: The word universe

First, count the vowels: u, i, e, and e. There are 4.

The e at the end is silent, so subtract one. Now there are 3.

There are no vowel pairs, so we’re done! The word universe has 3 syllables.

All of these rules have exceptions, but they are a good way to get started until counting syllables comes naturally to you.

Advice about extra-long words

If you encounter a long or complicated word on the page, one way you can learn its pronunciation is by reading it in reverse. This might sound more confusing at first, but if you can count syllables, then you can use this trick.

For example, let’s break down the word monosyllabic.

If we try to plow through it from beginning to end, it might come out as a mishmash of m’s, s’s, and b’s.

Now try practicing the pronunciation backward, adding one syllable at a time:

bic la-bic syl-la-bic mon-o-syl-la-bic

It takes a bit longer to learn words this way, so this is a practical method only for particularly long or complicated words.

Another trick is to learn common prefixes and suffixes. These will almost always stand out as separate syllables.

What are the different types of syllables?

Learning how to recognize and count syllables will give your pronunciation a big boost. If you’re curious and want to dig a little deeper, there are six different types of syllables:

1. Closed syllable: A closed syllable has one vowel sound and ends with a consonant.

Examples: stop, fort, sell, book, smart.

2. Open syllables: An open syllable is a unit that ends in a vowel sound.

Examples: boba tea, fly, tree, Velcro.

3. Vowel-consonant-e syllables (VCE): These syllables end in a silent e, which is why they are sometimes called “magic-e” syllables. The silent e gives the vowel before it a long sound (it sounds like you are saying the vowel instead of pronouncing it).

Examples: care, fire, mine, more.

4. R-controlled syllables (VR): R-controlled syllables contain a vowel followed by the letter r.

Examples: blur, ear, sir, for.

5. Diphthong syllables: Diphthongs are a “vowel team,” or a pair of vowels that work together to create a single sound. Common English diphthongs are oi, ou, and ea.

Examples: point, house, break, beat.

6. Consonant le syllables: This syllable has a sneaky vowel (just like the vowel-consonant-e syllables above). It is, again, a silent e. The consonant le syllable specifically describes words that end in le because you will not actually hear the vowel sound; you will only hear and pronounce an l.

Examples: bicycle, file, circle, example.

Watch this video:

Vocabulary Related to Numbers in English

The English language uses specific terms to refer to numbers, their order, and their quantities. This article presents an exhaustive list of vocabulary associated with numbers, perfect for English language learners. With this guide, you will be well-equipped to confidently use numerical expressions in your everyday English conversations and writings.

General Terms of Numbers

Here you will learn some general terms associated with numbers in English. These terms are fundamental in understanding numerical concepts and are crucial in a wide range of contexts, from everyday communication to specialized domains like mathematics and science.

Cardinal numbers: these are basic numbers used in counting to show quantity.
Ordinal numbers: these numbers show the position or order of things in a series.
Fractions: these are mathematical expressions representing the division of one quantity by another.
Decimals: these are numbers expressed in the base-10 system, which represent whole numbers plus fractions of whole numbers, indicated by a decimal point.
Multiples: these are the result of multiplying a number by any integer.
Factors: these are numbers that can be evenly divided into other numbers. For example, two and four are factors of eight.

With these general terms of numbers, you are now equipped to understand better and communicate complex numerical concepts in English. As with all language learning, consistent practice is key, so make sure to regularly use these terms in your everyday conversations and in written English.

Cardinal Numbers

Cardinal numbers are the most common type of numbers in English. They show how many of something exists.

Number	Word Equivalent
1	One
2	Two
3	Three
4	Four
5	Five
6	Six
7	Seven
8	Eight
9	Nine
10	Ten
11	Eleven
12	Twelve
13	Thirteen
14	Fourteen
15	Fifteen
20	Twenty
100	One-hundred

Now that you’ve familiarized yourself with numbers 1-100, you’re ready to count and quantify items in English with confidence. Keep practicing to commit these numbers to memory.

Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal numbers are used to show position or order in a series or talk about ranks, sequences, and chronological orders. Here are some common ordinal numbers:

Number	Word Equivalent
1	First
2	Second
3	Third
4	Fourth
5	Fifth
6	Sixth
7	Seventh
8	Eighth
9	Nineth
10	Tenth
11	Eleventh
12	Twelves
13	Thirteenth
14	Fourteenth
15	Fifteenth
20	Twentieth
100	One-hundredth

Starting from 21, you will use a cardinal of tens and an ordinal of ones. For example, twenty-first, twenty-second, thirty-fifth etc.

You’ve now learned how to express order and position in English using ordinal numbers 1 to 100. Continue using these in various contexts to enrich your language proficiency.

Fractions and Decimals

Fractions help us talk about parts of a whole or less than one. They are widely used in everyday life, from cooking to finances, to express partial quantities. Decimals, similar to fractions, represent parts of a whole but in a different format. They’re essential in mathematical and scientific fields and daily life situations such as money-related conversations.

Half: one of two equal parts of a whole.
Quarter: one of four equal parts of a whole; also, 25 cents in American money.
Third: one of three equal parts of a whole.
Tenth: one of ten equal parts of a whole.
Point: used to indicate the decimal place when saying decimal numbers aloud.
Percent: a ratio per hundred; used to indicate a proportion in hundredths.

With the understanding of fractions and decimals, you’ve unlocked a new way to express divisions and partitive quantities in English. Practice these regularly in various scenarios to make them an integral part of your vocabulary.

Multiples and Factors

Multiples, in mathematics and the English language, refer to the product of a number and any other whole number. They’re essential in many areas, such as calculating amounts or understanding sequences. The term “factors” refers to numbers that divide evenly into other numbers. This concept is used in various contexts in English, especially in mathematics or problem-solving situations.

Double: multiple of two; twice as much or many; two times.
Triple: multiple of three; three times as much or many.
Quadruple: four times as much or many.
“X” times: used to indicate multiplication in English. For example: “ten times bigger,” “seven times more.”
Divided by: used to indicate a division in English.

Now that you’ve learned about multiples and factors, you’ve added another tool to your English vocabulary toolbox. With consistent practice, these terms will soon become an integral part of your everyday language usage.

Number-related Expressions

Number-related expressions are phrases or idioms that include numbers or numerical concepts.

Once in a blue moon: very rarely.
On cloud nine: extremely happy.
At sixes and sevens: in a state of confusion or disarray.
A dime a dozen: very common, not unique.
Two heads are better than one: this expression means that working together with someone else will yield better results than working alone.
The whole nine yards: this idiom means everything; all of something.
Put two and two together: this means to figure something out or draw a conclusion from the information given.
Back to square one: this phrase means having to start all over again.

Idiomatic expressions with numbers offer a fascinating insight into the rich, figurative nature of English. With these expressions, you’re not only will be able to understand the nuances of the language better but also express yourself in a more natural, native-like manner. Continue practicing them in different contexts, and they’ll soon become an organic part of your English communication.

Common English Words:

Basic Roman Numerals Vocabulary

Behold, the fundamental lexicon of Roman numerals! Herein lies the elucidation of the symbols I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. These symbols are the building blocks of the Roman numeral system, and with them, one can express any number with ease. To begin, let us examine each symbol in turn.

I – One
V – Five
X – Ten
L – Fifty
C – One hundred
D – Five hundred
M – One thousand

To write the number two, one would simply combine two I’s, resulting in II. The number three would be III, and so on. To write the number four, it is necessary to subtract one from five, resulting in IV. Similarly, to write the number nine, one would subtract one from ten, resulting in IX.

XX number stands for 20 through combining X number two times. To write the number forty, you will subtract ten from 50, resulting in XL. To write the number ninety, one would subtract ten from one hundred, resulting in XC.

The Months of the Year

Here are the twelve months in English with the pronunciation:

January – /’gian.iu.e.ri/
February – /’fe.bru.e.ri/
March – /’ma:tc/
April – /’ei.pril/
May – /’mei/
June – /’giun/
July – /giu’lai/
August – /’o:.gust/
September – /sep’tem.ba/
October – /ok’tou.ba/
November – /nou’vem.ba/
December – /di’sem.ba/

We also always use a capital letter for the first letter of months. For example:

– February is the shortest month of the year, with only 28 days.

– They’re going away on holiday in May.

– The weather is very hot here in July.

– It’s very cold in December.– Halloween is in October.

As you can see, with the months we use ‘in’.

Days of the week in English

Here are the seven days of the week in English with the pronunciation:

Monday – /’mun.dei/
Tuesday – /’tiu:z.dei/
Wednesday – /’wenz.dei/
Thursday – /’thurz.dei/
Friday – /’frai.dei/
Saturday – /’sa.ta.dei/
Sunday – /’sun.dei/

The accent in the pronunciation is always on the first syllable, The two most difficult days to pronounce are Tuesday and Thursday, so take extra time to practice those.

As you can see, we always use a capital letter for the first letter of each day.

Here are some examples:

– I work from Monday to Friday. I’m free on Saturday and Sunday.

– Our next lesson is on Wednesday.

– Saturday is his favorite day of the week because he plays football.

– The meeting is on Thursday at 10:30.

– We’ve got an appointment on Tuesday morning.

As you can see, we often use ‘on’ before the days of the week.

Telling the Time English Vocabulary

There are two common ways of telling the time.

1) Say the hour first and then the minutes. (Hour + Minutes)

6:25 – It’s six twenty-five
8:05 – It’s eight O-five (the O is said like the letter O)
9:11 – It’s nine eleven
2:34 – It’s two thirty-four

2) Say the minutes first and then the hour. (Minutes + PAST / TO + Hour)

For minutes 1-30 we use PAST after the minutes.

For minutes 31-59 we use TO after the minutes.

2:35 – It’s twenty-five to three
11:20 – It’s twenty past eleven
4:18 – It’s eighteen past four
8:51 – It’s nine to nine
2:59 – It’s one to three

When it is 15 minutes past the hour we normally say: (a) quarter past

7:15 – It’s (a) quarter past seven

When it is 15 minutes before the hour we normally say: a quarter to

12:45 – It’s (a) quarter to one

When it is 30 minutes past the hour we normally say: half past

3:30 – It’s half past three (but we can also say three-thirty)

O’clock

We use o’clock when there are NO minutes.

10:00 – It’s ten o’clock
5:00 – It’s five o’clock
1:00 – It’s one o’clock

Sometimes it is written as 9 o’clock (the number + o’clock)

12:00 For 12:00 there are four expressions in English.

twelve o’clock
midday = noon
midnight

Asking for the Time

The common question forms we use to ask for the time right now are:

What time is it?
What is the time?

A more polite way to ask for the time, especially from a stranger is:

Could you tell me the time please?

The common question forms we use to ask at what time a specific event will happen are:

What time…?
When…?

What time does the flight to New York leave?
When does the bus arrive from London?
When does the concert begin?

Giving the Time

We use It is or It’s to respond to the questions that ask for the time right now.

It is half past five (5:30).
It’s ten to twelve (11:50)

We use the structure AT + time when giving the time of a specific event.

The bus arrives at midday (12:00).
The flight leaves at a quarter to two (1:45).
The concert begins at ten o’clock. (10:00)

We can also use subject pronouns in these responses.

It arrives at midday (12:00).
It leaves at a quarter to two (1:45).
It begins at ten o’clock. (10:00)

AM vs. PM

We don’t normally use the 24-hour clock in English.

We use a.m. (am) for the morning and p.m. (pm) for the afternoon and night.

3am = Three o’clock in the morning.
3pm = Three o’clock in the afternoon.

Talking about age in English

One of the most common questions people ask is “How old are you?” Do you know how to answer this question in English? In this article, I will teach you the proper grammatical forms to talk about your age. I will also teach you other common contexts for talking about age. Finally, at the end of the article, I will list some common mistakes that English learners sometimes make when discussing age.

“How old are you?”
“How old are you?” is the most common way to ask about someone’s age. (You can also say “What’s your age?”, but this is not as common.)

There are several ways to answer this question. Imagine that your age is 25. The two most common ways to state your age are:
“I’m 25.”
“I’m 25 years old.”

You can ask about other people’s ages as well. For example, someone might ask you, “How old is your dad?” Imagine that your dad’s age is 62. You can answer in one of the following ways:
“He’s 62.”
“He’s 62 years old.”

As you can see, you just need to use the subject, the verb to be, and either the age, or the age plus “years old.”

If your dad recently had a birthday, you can use the verb “turned.” For example:

“My dad turned 62 last week.”
“My dad turned 62 years old last week.”
“My dad just turned 62.” (Use “just turned” to indicate that this happened very recently.)
“My dad just turned 62 years old.”

If a birthday is in the future, you can use one of the following sentences:
“I’ll be 26 next month.” (future simple)
“I’m turning 26 next month.” (present continuous with “turning”)
“She’ll be 75 in October.” (future simple)
“She’s turning 75 in October.” (present continuous with “turning”)

Instead of “will,” you can also use “be going to” to talk about future ages. Note the two sentences:

“Dan is going to be 30 in a couple of months.”
“Dan will be 30 in a couple of months.”

There is no difference in how these sentences are received by the listener, though “will” is slightly more common.

“When?”

Sometimes, we want to talk about how old we were when something happened in the past. The most common structure for this situation is “When I was [your age] (years old).” Here are a few examples:

“I learned to drive when I was 18.”
“When I was 5 years old, my parents signed me up for dance classes.”

You can use “When” plus a specific past period of your life as well. For instance:

“Do you remember the park we always went to when we were kids?”
“When I was younger, I believed in many things.”
“What hobbies did you have when you were a kid?”

Next, you can use the following structures to discuss what generally happens at specific ages, what happened in the past, or what will happen in the future.

“At 22, I was still living with my parents.”
“At age 22, I was still living with my parents.”
“At the age of 22, I was still living with my parents.”

“My mom retired at 65.”
“My mom retired at age 65.”
“My mom retired at the age of 65.”

Finally, use the phrase “by the time” to indicate the point in time that something occurs, occurred, or will occur. Remember, “by” means that something happens at or before a specific time. Note the examples that use “by the time” plus a person’s age:

“By the time I was 25, I had already moved out of my parents’ house.”
“Will you have graduated by the time you’re 22?”
“I hope to retire by the time I’m 55.”
“By the time she turned 30, she had given birth to 5 kids.”

English Vocabulary Related to Places in The City:

Airport

To travel by plane, you need to go to the airport.

Bakery

This is where you can buy bread and cakes.

Bank

This is the place where you deposit, withdraw money, or cash a check.

Bar

A place where drinks, especially alcoholic drinks, and sometimes food, are served.

Bookstore / Bookshop

You can buy books and magazines here.

Bus Station

To travel by bus, you go to the bus station.

Butcher’s

Where you buy meat.

Café

This is where you can buy a cup of coffee.

Church

A religious place of Christian worship.

Court

Where a judge works and where trials and law cases are held.

Department Store

A large shop divided into departments selling a wide variety of goods such as clothes, household appliances, etc.

Cinema / Movies

Where you can see movies.

Service Station

Where motor vehicles are refueled with gas or petrol, serviced, and sometimes repaired. It is also called a filling station or gas station.

Gym

A place where you can do exercises to keep fit (gymnasium).

Hairdresser’s

If you want to cut your hair, you may go here.

Hospital

A place for ill people when they need an operation or when someone is going to have a baby.

Hotel

A place that provides lodging and usually meals and other services for travelers.

Gallery

A place for the exhibition of artistic work.

Greengrocer’s

Where you can buy fruit and vegetables.

Grocer’s / Grocery Store

Where you can buy foodstuffs and various household supplies.

Jail / Prison

Where criminals are sent by a judge.

Laundromat / Launderette

A self-service laundry, a place where you can wash your clothes in coin-operated machines.

Library

You can borrow books here.

Mall

A large, often enclosed shopping complex containing various stores, businesses, and restaurants.

Museum

A place where objects of historical, artistic, or scientific interest are exhibited, preserved, or studied.

Motel

An establishment that provides lodging for motorists, usually with rooms having direct access to an open parking area.

Parking Lot

Where you can park your car.

Pharmacy / Drugstore

A place where drugs are sold.

Police Station

The headquarters of a unit of a police force, where those under arrest are first charged.

Post Office

A place where postage stamps are sold and other postal business is conducted.

Pub

(British English) A place where you can buy a beer or other alcoholic drinks.

Park

A public area kept in its natural state and usually reserved for the enjoyment and recreation of visitors, where children can play or you can walk your dog.

Restaurant

You can eat a meal in a restaurant.

School

Where children learn.

Train Station / Railway Station

Where you can buy a ticket and travel by train.

Supermarket

A large self-service store that sells food, drinks, and household items.

Zoo

A place where live animals are kept, studied, bred, and exhibited to the public.

Parts of the Body for English

The Body – Arms and Hands

elbow – Don’t jab your elbow into me. It hurts!
finger – He pointed his finger at her and shouted “I love you!”
index finger/middle/little/ring – Many people wear their marriage band on their ring finger.
finger nail – Have you ever painted your finger nails?
fist – Make your hand into a fist and then pound it on the table for more food.
forearm – You should put some sunscreen on your exposed forearm.
hand/left and right – I write with my right hand. That makes me right-handed.
palm – Show me the palm of your hand, and I’ll read your future.
thumb – Our thumb might be the most valuable digit we have.
wrist – That’s a beautiful bracelet on your wrist.

The Body – Heads and Shoulders

chin – He has a very strong chin. He should become an actor.
cheek – She brushed her daughter’s cheek and sang a lullaby.
ear – You need to clean out your ears! You can’t hear anything.
eye – Does she have blue eyes or green?
eyebrow – Jennifer spends a lot of time making her eyebrows stand out.
eyelash – She has very thick eyelashes.
forehead – Look at that forehead. He must be a genius.
hair – Susan has light brown hair and blue eyes.
head – His head is rather large, isn’t it?
lip – Her lips are like soft pillows.
mouth – He’s got a big mouth!
neck – I love her long neck.
nose – She’s got a beautiful petite nose.
nostril – He flairs his nostrils when he is angry.
jaw – You chew your food with your jaw.
shoulder – Dennis had broad shoulders.
tooth (teeth) – How many teeth have you lost?
tongue – Stick your tongue back in your mouth!
throat – The beer flowed down my throat easily on the hot day.

The Body – Legs and Feet

ankle – Your ankle connects your foot to your leg.
calf – Her calf muscles are very strong from all the running.
foot (feet) – Put your shoes on your feet and let’s go.
heel – As you walk down the hill, dig your heels into the dirt to help balance you.
hips – I think I’ve put some weight onto my hips. I’m thick around the waist.
knee – Your leg bends at the knee.
leg – Put on your pants one leg at a time.
shin – Be sure to protect your shins when you play soccer.
thigh – His thighs are huge!
toe – A toe is like a finger on the foot.
toenail – She likes to paint her toenails pink.

The Body – The Trunk or Torso

bottom – Your bottom is used for sitting.
chest – He has a broad chest because he swims a lot.
back – Are you experiencing any pain in the back?
stomach – I’m eating too much and my stomach is growing!
waist – She has a slim waist and will fit into anything!

All Parts of the Body

blood – The hospital needs more blood.
bone – Our skeleton is made of bone.
hair – It’s amazing how much hair is on the floor after a haircut.
muscle – You should always stretch your muscles before you go running.
skin – Make sure to put on sunscreen to protect your skin.

What is Segmenting?

To start off with, let’s establish what we mean when we say ‘segmenting’.

Segmenting words involves breaking down a word into each of its phonemes and graphemes. Phoneme is a term that just means a unit of sound, while graphemes are the groups of letters that are used to represent these sounds. For instance, the phoneme /sh/ can be written down as ‘sh’, c’h’, ‘si’ or even ‘ti’.

Segmenting is a vital skill that learners will pick up over the course of their early phonics education. By segmenting words into their different sounds, kids will be able to see how a word is sounded out and written down. This will help them develop their reading and writing skills in the long run.

What is an example of segmenting words into sounds?

The best way to understand how segmenting works is with the help of a few examples. Let’s take the word ‘cat’, for instance.

If you segment the word orally (through speech), you’ll find that the word ‘cat’ is made up of three separate phonemes: /k/, /a/ and /t/. These sounds can be represented in writing using the graphemes ‘c’, ‘a’ and ‘t’. And just like that, you end up with the word ‘cat’ again!

Let’s take a look at a slightly more complex example, using the word ‘bubbles.

Bubbles

/b/-/u/-/b/-/l/-/z/

B-u-bb-le-s

Once we segment this word, we’re left with five different phonemes. Once we write these with the grapheme’s ‘b’, ‘u’, ‘bb’, ‘le’ and ‘s’, we again end up with ‘bubbles. From these examples, we can see how segmenting words allows us to take a word apart, see the different sounds it’s made up of and then piece them back together. Combining sounds to form words is called blending, and in this next section we’ll take a look at the relationship between blending and segmenting phonemes in phonics.

Watch Video:

Segmenting words

Direct Teaching of Segmenting
Segmenting First Sound	After hearing the teacher say a word, students identify the first sound in the word. Example: Teacher: “What’s the first sound in mat?” Student: “/m/” Teacher: “What’s the first sound in bend?” Student: “/b/”
Segmenting Onset-‐ Rime	After hearing the teacher say the whole word, students say the onset [beginning sound(s) that precedes the vowel in a syllable] and the rime [the rest of the syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it]. Example: Teacher: “Say the sounds in pit.” Student: “/p/-‐/it/” Teacher: “Take apart home.” Student: “/h/-‐/ome/”
Segmenting Individual Sounds	After hearing the teacher say a word, students say the individual sounds in the word. Example: Teacher: “Say the sounds in leg.” Student: “/l/-‐/e/-‐/g/” Teacher: “Say the sounds in slip.” Student: “/s/-‐/l/-‐/i/-‐/p/”

Watch these videos:

https://youtu.be/IyE4styVYaE?si=IH_Qf2ccdGMJ1Dn0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG80B3tZ-80

References:
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/syllables/
https://promova.com/english-vocabulary/vocabulary-numbers-in-english
https://promova.com/english-vocabulary/roman-numerals
https://www.wallstreetenglish.com/blog/days-of-the-week-months-dates-english
https://www.vocabulary.cl/Basic/Telling_Time.htm
https://www.englishalex.com/post/talking-about-age-in-english-correct-structures-and-common-mistakes
https://www.myenglishpages.com/vocabulary-lesson-city-palces/#google_vignette
https://www.thoughtco.com/parts-of-the-body-english-learners-4039209
https://www.twinkl.com.ph/teaching-wiki/segmenting#:~:text=Segmenting%20words%20involves%20breaking%20down,of%20its%20phonemes%20and%20graphemes
https://dpi.wi.gov/sites/default/files/imce/ela/bank/RF_PA_Segmenting.pdf